Four companies in the Israeli Defence-AI Deployment Index build command-and-control or decision-support software: two graded L3, two graded L2, and none at L1 or L0. It is the only category in the index with no entry below the contract band, which makes military decision support AI the smallest and the best-documented segment the index covers.
That shape is not an accident of sampling. C2 software is bought institutionally, its acquisitions are financially material and therefore disclosed, and it is discussed by name in reporting because it is not itself a weapon. The published grading rules apply the same test used everywhere else in the index.
L3 · Operational: two with reported military use
mPrest Systems (2003, Petah Tikva) writes command-and-control software. Army Technology's project reference on Iron Dome states that Rafael contracted mPrest for the development of the system's control layer. Calcalist's Ctech reported in 2026 that the Israeli Defence Ministry froze a $100 million bid by Ondas for the company, and The Jewish Chronicle reported the same block, describing the ministry's concern about foreign control of command-and-control software. A government intervening to prevent the sale of a supplier is not a marketing claim, and the reporting names both the system and the role. The full sourcing is set out in the mPrest Systems record.
Ottopia (2018, Tel Aviv) builds teleoperation software: low-latency remote control of vehicles over commercial networks. The Jerusalem Post reported on the company's remote-control technology for military vehicles. Calcalist's Ctech has separately reported the company's funding history. The teleoperation layer sits directly alongside the ground autonomy covered in Israeli autonomous ground and maritime systems, and the grade reasoning appears in the Ottopia entry.
L2 · Contract: two military decision support AI suppliers
Omnisys (2001, Rosh Ha'ayin) builds defence software. Globes reported that Ondas acquired the company for $200 million. A disclosed acquisition at that value is strong evidence of a real revenue base and of institutional customers, and it is not evidence of operational use, because the transaction discloses the price rather than the deployment. The index grades it L2 on that basis.
Kela Technologies (2024, Tel Aviv) builds a defence software platform and was covered by Calcalist's Ctech alongside other Israeli defence-AI companies. The published material establishes commercial activity in the defence market. It does not carry an independent account of a named force using the platform on an operational task.
L1 · Trial: no entries
No company in this category is graded L1. That is worth stating rather than omitting: the index found no Israeli C2 or decision-support company whose strongest public evidence is a pilot, an evaluation or an exhibition demonstration.
The likely explanation is structural. Command-and-control software is rarely demonstrated at a trade stand in a way that generates coverage, because there is nothing to photograph. Companies at that stage of the public record simply do not appear in English-language defence reporting, so they fall outside the index's inclusion test entirely rather than entering it at L1.
L0 · Claimed: no entries
No company in this category is graded L0 either. Every C2 entry the index could identify has at least a publicly announced transaction behind it.
This is the opposite of the pattern in counter-UAS, where four of eleven entries rest on company claims alone. The difference is that a C2 supplier's evidence usually arrives through a financial disclosure — an acquisition, a regulatory filing, a blocked bid — rather than through a marketing announcement. Financial disclosure is harder to make and harder to overstate, which is why this category has no claimed-only entries.
What the distribution shows
Two of four documented as operationally used is the highest rate in the index, and the sourcing is unusual in kind. Neither L3 grade rests on a press release. One rests on a government blocking a sale; the other on a newspaper describing vehicles being driven remotely. Both are third-party accounts of a system in a role.
The category is also the smallest of the six large clusters in the index. Four companies is a thin field for a segment that touches every other category, and the reason is the inclusion test: the index covers companies whose core product is AI or autonomy applied to defence, which excludes the large Israeli primes for whom C2 is one portfolio line among many. The emptiness at the bottom of the table therefore reflects both a real concentration and a deliberate exclusion.
One further pattern is visible in the sourcing. Two of the four entries — Omnisys and mPrest — feature Ondas Holdings as an acquirer or bidder. Consolidation is doing a substantial amount of the disclosure work in this category, which means the public record depends partly on how active the acquisition market is in a given year. That dependency is one of several the index flags in the deployment evidence gap.
What would change it
Omnisys would move to L3 on a published report from a named force, ministry or defence outlet describing its software in use on an operational task. An acquisition disclosure, however large the figure, cannot produce that grade.
Kela Technologies would move on the same evidence, and would move from L2 to a stronger L2 entry if an announcement named the customer rather than describing the market. The undisclosed-customer structure that limits both entries is examined in the undisclosed-customer problem.
The category would also change shape if new entrants appeared. A single Israeli C2 startup with a first announced pilot would give the category its first L1 entry and would make the current distribution look less like a rule and more like a snapshot of a small field.
Limits of this reading
Four entries is a small sample and small samples produce clean-looking distributions. The absence of L1 and L0 entries here should be read as a statement about which companies met the inclusion test, not as evidence that no early-stage Israeli C2 companies exist.
The index holds no information about what any of these systems do in practice: no latency figures, no interception statistics, no comparison between platforms. It is not a capability assessment. It reads English-language sources only. The full index and inclusion test set out what is counted.
Frequently asked questions
Which Israeli command-and-control companies have documented military use?
mPrest Systems and Ottopia are the two entries graded L3. Army Technology's Iron Dome reference states Rafael contracted mPrest for the control layer, and Calcalist's Ctech and The Jewish Chronicle reported the Defence Ministry blocking a foreign bid for the company. The Jerusalem Post reported on Ottopia's remote control of military vehicles.
Why does this category have no L0 entries?
Every C2 entry the index identified has a publicly announced transaction behind it, usually a financial disclosure such as an acquisition or a blocked bid rather than a marketing announcement. Financial disclosures are harder to make and harder to overstate than product claims.
Does a $200 million acquisition prove operational deployment?
No. Globes reported Ondas acquiring Omnisys for $200 million, which the index grades L2. An acquisition discloses a price and implies a revenue base. It does not describe a named force using the software on an operational task, which is what the L3 grade requires.
Sources
- idf.ai, The Israeli Defense-AI Deployment Index v1.0, 24 August 2026
- Calcalist Ctech, Defense Ministry freezes $100 million Ondas bid for Iron Dome software firm
- The Jewish Chronicle, Israel blocks US takeover of Iron Dome software firm
- Army Technology, Iron Dome air defence missile system, Israel
- The Jerusalem Post, Ottopia remote military technology coverage
- Calcalist Ctech, Teleoperation startup Ottopia nets $14.5 million Series A
- Globes, Ondas buys Israeli defense software co Omnisys for $200m
- Calcalist Ctech, Kela Technologies coverage
Independent publication of idf.ai. Not affiliated with, endorsed by, or connected to the Israel Defense Forces, the Israeli Ministry of Defense, or any government body. Compiled entirely from publicly published sources. No classified, restricted or non-public information. Listed companies may dispute any entry: send the published source that contradicts it and the entry will be amended or removed.